How Far Was the Dispute over Berlin in the Years 1958 â€...

Between the years 1958 and 1961, the dispute over Berlin (often known as the ‘Berlin Crisis’) was one of the main issues between the USA and USSR, and caused a considerable amount of growing tension between the two states. The dispute over Berlin was a continuing issue over who was to occupy Berlin, the capital city of Germany. The city was seen as an important area for both states and led to several conflict issues throughout the time period. It could be argued that this issue and the tension caused by this was the primary reason (or, the main reason) for the Cuban missile crisis in 1962. The Cuban missile crisis was an issue over the placement of nuclear weapons on the island of Cuba by the Soviet Union and brought the world closer than†¦show more content†¦This would force the west to recognise GDR, making the Hallstein Doctrine irrelevant. Although the Western powers refused to be forced into signing the treaty and rejected the ultimatum, it did force them t o attend the Geneva Conference in 1959, where they were willing to discuss the German question. Prior to this, London and Washington statements were signalling their desire for compromise over the German and Berlin crisis. As Khrushchev had succeeded in getting Berlin to be discussed as a separate issue (where he could attempt to influence the West to make concessions over West Berlin), he continued this pressure and renewed his ultimatum. This suggests that in this instance, whereas the USA and UK were open for compromise over the Berlin crisis, Khrushchev’s continued forceful and pressurising attitude meant that he was not as willing to compromise and therefore little was concluded from the Geneva Conference. ‘Between 1959 and 1961, there were more summits than at a time since the Second World War’ (Williamson, 2006) – however little was achieved. Khrushchev often lead with periods of acute crisis and threat making during this time period, in order to in crease this pressure on the West to concede West Berlin. This forceful leadership shown suggests that Khrushchev may have been so focused on the Berlin crisis and forcing theShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesdemarcate historical epochs, the twentieth century does not appear to be a very coherent unit. The beginnings and ends of what we choose to call centuries are almost invariably years of little significance. But there is little agreement over when the twentieth century c.e. arrived, and there were several points both before the year 2000 (the collapse of the Soviet Union, the reunification of Germany, the surge of globalization from the mid-1990s) and afterward (9/11, or the global recession of 2008)Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesPermissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. Many of the designations by manufacturers and seller to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Whetten, David A. (David Allred) Developing management skills /David A. Whetten, Kim S. Cameron.—8th edRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesSaddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Robbins, Stephen P. Organizational behavior / Stephen P. Robbins, Timothy A. Judge. — 15th ed. p. cm. Includes

Respiration and Photosynthesis Free Essays

â€Å"Respiration† and â€Å"Photosynthesis† All life depends on two chemical reactions â€Å"Respiration† and â€Å"Photosynthesis†. These two processes are quite crucial because they are a source to nearly all life on Earth. Both of these processes are quite similar yet differentiate vastly. We will write a custom essay sample on Respiration and Photosynthesis or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this essay I’ll be comparing and contrasting â€Å"Photosynthesis† and â€Å"Respiration†. I’ll start by discussing what actually happens in both these processes and how? Moving on to the energy transfers these processes go through and how these reactions relate to each other. Plants feed using a process called ‘Photosynthesis’. Photosynthesis is the chemical change which happens in the leaves of green plants. It’s the first step towards making food; not just for plants but ultimately every animal on the planet. During this reaction carbondioxide and water are converted into glucose and oxygen. For this reaction to occur both carbon and nitrogen are absorbed from the roots as nitrate and so is carbon as carbondioxide from the air and it also needs energy as the reaction is endothermic, therefore the energy is ‘light’ from the sun. This is absorbed by a green substance called chlorophyll in the leaf. Therefore, photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts which are present in the palisade cells (found near the top of the leaf. ) (fig: 1 ) As chloroplasts contain a green pigment called chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy needed to make photosynthesis happen. The equation for this reaction is: 6CO2 + 6H2O+ light energy — C6H12O6 + 6O2 Sugars created in photosynthesis can be later converted by the plant to starch for storage, or it can be combined with other sugar molecules to form specialized carbohydrates such as cellulose, or it can be combined with other nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur, to build complex molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. Moreover, ‘respiration’ is reversibly related to photosynthesis because it takes in light energy and respiration gives out energy, which is used by the body as the glucose is converted into starch or stored. Oxygen is consumed unlike in photosynthesis, although in respiration energy is released in a more controlled and manageable way. During photosynthesis water and carbondioxide are chemically combined to make glucose and oxygen. The equation as follows: C6H12O6 + 6O2 — 6CO2 + 6H2O In addition, respiration and photosynthesis are both processes which depend on each other on a very wide scale. Fig: 2 explains this. (Fig: 2 ): Shows a cycle and how photosynthesis and respiration are dependent on each other. As the leaf produces oxygen through photosynthesis and then that oxygen is inhaled by an animal. Later, the animal breathes out carbondioxide, and that is then absorbed by the plants through leaves by the air, in order for respiration to happen; making this ongoing cycle continue. Though photosynthesis only takes place in leaves of plants (inside palisade cells) during the presence of light, respiration takes place in every living organism inside the mitochondria of the cell, with or without light being present or not. As all cells need energy through the sugar they made in their leaves; oxygen moves through diffusion through the plant from cell to cell. Any oxygen not used by the plant in respiration, leaves the plant through tiny holes under the leaf called stomata. That’s then part of the air we breathe, making the whole process start again. That’s how closely photosynthesis and respiration are linked to each other. Whilst, both respiration and photosynthesis are quite similar yet unlike at the same time. Respiration is a process by which energy is liberated. On the other hand photosynthesis is a procedure where energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules as in, photosynthesis is an anabolic (constructive) process, resulting in the building up of carbohydrate molecules. While in respiration a catabolic (destructive) process occurs, resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrate molecules. So, respiration results in a loss in dry mass where photosynthesis is totally the opposite, it results in a gain in ordinary mass. Furthermore, there are enzymes involved in the process of respiration. Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up a reaction. The organic compounds that are broken down are substrates. Glucose is the most common substrate. The general equation for respiration is: C6H12O6 + 6O2 — 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP During respiration, glucose undergoes glycolysis forming pyruvic acid. Glycolysis consists of nine separate chemical reactions, each catalysed by a specific enzyme. The key players in glycolysis are the enzymes ‘dehydrogenase’ and a coenzyme (a non-protein helper). So, in photosynthesis is catalysed by chlorophyll. To summarize, photosynthesis takes the raw ingredients of water, carbondioxide and uses light to make glucose and oxygen. Despite, respiration uses glucose and oxygen to produce carbondioxide and water as waste products. Both these processes takes place in cells except respiration takes place in the mitochondria of a cell. Photosynthesis is catalysed by chlorophyll acting in concert with lipids or sugars, while in respiration ‘dehydrogenase’ is used. Nevertheless, photosynthesis and respiration both are a part of an ongoing cycle and work together in order for plants or animals to survive. How to cite Respiration and Photosynthesis, Papers

Survey of Organizational Structure Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Survey of Organizational Structure. Answer: According to the survey executed it has been noted that alterations made in the organizational structure after the emergence of the concepts of information technology or information systems. Long term strategizing and planning for the above-mentioned concept have been the top priority for the management of any of the business corporation. Moreover, it has also been stated by Amrollahi, Ghapanchi and Najaftorkaman, (2014), that strategic information system is a mechanism which has been developed as an outcome of the initiatives taken by the business corporation so as to attain competitive advantage. The concept has been considered as a salient feature of the aspects of information technology. A strategic information system is the mechanisms which have been developed so as to aid the business entity in segmenting the various operations which are concerned to store management and transformation of data which has been received and developed. Organizational structure On the basis of the survey conducted by Greenblat, E, (2015), it has been concluded that Wesfarmers has been working and operating the business activities as per the conglomerate structure which has been adopted by the organization. The adopted structure has been formed by combining two or more business corporations and that too in a single corporate structure. This amalgamation has developed a group of entities, which comprise a single parent entity and different subsidiaries of the same. But as per the organizational structure adopted by Wesfarmers, it has been stated that the concept of diversification has been considered as a normal practice, and also a multi-industry corporate structure has been presented and also these organizational structures are referred as multinational one. As Wesfarmers has been astute holding up calmly to buy quality organizations at engaging costs throughout the years and in the process making a stone strong aggregate structure. Adoption of this organi zational structure has aided the business entity by bringing the reduction in the risks pertaining to risks and moreover, a capital market will be developed within the business corporation which will be bringing development and growth and success. Operational issues On the basis of the analysis conducted by Treadgold, T, (2016), it has been observed that the business entity has been facing a crisis which made the investors worry. The business entity was relying highly on the on the retail divisions especially on the food and liquor divisions of Coles, and the same was under risk from various directions. Moreover, the author also noted that there are several issues due to the adoption of the above mentioned organizational structure. Adoption of this structure has made an increase in the size of the group which has brought enhancement in the managerial and operational expenses. Further, the business entity has been facing a number of operational issues such as it can be related to the accounting operations (Galliers and Leidner, 2014). For instance, the business entity will be facing an issue of reduction in development and innovations and this is due to inertia. Moreover, taxation of group structure will bring a reduction in the taxation benefits . The workforce will be having a less level of focus and also it will be difficult for the managerial team to manage a un-related and well-diversified business effectively. System acquisition method Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is business process management software which enables the Wesfarmers in utilizing a mechanism which is formed due to the integration of the various applications. This application can be adopted by the business entity and also can be considered as the best and most likely system acquisition method (Peppard and Ward, 2016). Moreover, this system will also allow the firm in automating a number of functionalities which are associated with back office and technology and human resources. Sales flow chart of Wesfarmers The above presented is the sales flow chart which has been segmented in various divisions and the explanation of the same is described as below: The initial step includes prospecting .i.e. finding the clients, investigating the necessities and the prerequisites and after that introduction of the request sheet which contains the insights about the items which is the basic requirement for the clients while putting in the request (Pearlson, Saunders and Galletta, 2016). The next is the approach which is to be made by the organization towards the clients. A decent approach will decide the achievement way of the business procedure. The sales representative ought to have a decent learning about the items which are to be sold. The evaluation ought to be planned for a request to decide the requirements of the buyers. This will help the sales representative in coordinating the endeavors which are to be made in order to pitch the items to the focused on the customer. After that, the items are required to be displayed before the shoppers. This will help in building up the will to purchase the item. A solid and appealing introduction will guarantee a positive reaction of the purchaser towards the item. The greater part of the business procedure flops as the sales representative neglects to close the procedure adequately (Cassidy, 2016). This has been considered as propelling the procedure towards getting an extreme request. The last stride during the time spent taking the development, a great follow-up wills twofold the accomplishment of shutting proportion. Control problems Updating and managing the ledger and accounting records are expected to be done by the warehousing supervisor. Determination of the orders is done by the managers. The below mentioned are the frauds which can occur in the system: In most of the cases, the supplier is selected by the warehousing manager and after that order is placed. The inventory ordered which will be of no use or it can also be ordered at higher prices as compared to the market price. The vendor can also be a reason of fraud in this case, where the manager is the authority for ordering and receiving the inventory (Aversa, Cabantous and Haefliger, 2017). The manager can present himself as a process and execute fraudulent transactions. Development and adoption of the accounting software The term accounting software has been considered as an application which can be adopted by the business entity for recording and processing accounting transactions that are within the functional areas such as accounts payable and accounts receivable trial balance and general ledgers. In the above scenario it has been stated by the Realitysoftware, (2017), that accounting software is a mechanism which comprises of the various segments of accounting section within Wesfarmers Limited. The accounting software has been serving a number of benefits to the business corporation and the same is presented by the author. The accounting mechanisms will be planned, maintained and implementation of the same will be aided. This approach has been established by combining the distinct models and the same are dealing with some specific areas of accounting which are mentioned as follows: Accounts receivable: Billing and payments of the dues is done Accounts payable: Money owed will be transacted by Wesfarmers General ledger: Record of all companys books Current size of market A detailed survey has been conducted for getting aware about the current size and the trends of the market of Wesfarmers Limited. According to the research conducted by au.finance.yahoo, (2017), has been enjoying a leading position in its sector and is a multinational brand name. The below mentioned are the key takeaways and are presented by the author as follows: Revenue was seen to have a hike of 4.3% to $34.9 billion Whereas, the Profit 13.2% to $1.6 billion A half year fully franked dividend of $1.03 was declared, up 13.2% The retail and supermarket sector has been stimulated and ruled by some of the business corporations and from which Wesfarmers (Coles) and Woolworths are Australias are considered as the largest. The last five decades has been witnessed as very much beneficial for the both the business corporations in the form of a number of sustainable developments (Rainer et al., 2013). And both the entities and more than doubling their combined market share to over 70 per cent of the countrys supermarket/grocery sector. Moreover, it has also been noted that the total market share of the business entity is 35%. Leaders in the market and attaining competitive advantage On the basis of the study led by Richard Goyder which is the present CEO of the Wesfarmers Limited and preceding this, he was named in this association as the Managing Director in 1993 and in 2005; he was elevated to the most noteworthy specialist of the association (Roberts, 2016). Richard's initiative style is one of a kind and compelling and his advancement is the proof of his viable authority procedures and styles Alongside Richard Goyder, Rob Scott, current Deputy Chief Executive Officer of the Wesfarmers Limited. Aside from these two officers, there are numerous more pioneers present in the Wesfarmers limited. Initiative methodologies embraced by these identities have helped the Wesfarmers Limited to build up their viable position in the worldwide market (Sarker, Xiao and Beaulieu, 2013). It is seen that fundamentally present day quality hypothesis of authority and a behavioral hypothesis of an initiative is being drilled in the working environment of Wesfarmers restricted. As these styles are the outcomes arranged styles. Woolworths is the essential contender of Wesfarmers and both of these associations are extended in remote nations. The most suitable and dependable method utilized by Richard Goyder is holding ability and key workers. Maintenance of key representatives is the greatest open door for each association since they comprehend the circumstance of the association and the working strategies know about them. The arrangement of any new worker rather being skilled and encounter, he would require some an opportunity to settle down in the new business condition (Willcocks, 2013). Arrangement of new worker in the place of any accomplished representative does not assurance for positive outcomes but rather maintenance of key and experienced representative is the insurance that association does not requirements to experience the ill effects of misfortunes or from questionable circumstances Current gaps and challenges in accounting softwares Execution of ERP framework in the association is not a simple task and every one of the procedures performed in the association does get influenced by the usage of ERP framework (Morecroft, 2015). The primary test would be tested to utilize the new and propelled procedure for its clients. Wesfarmers restricted necessities to designate a designer or a specialist who could direct the workers and alternate individuals from the association with the goal that proper outcomes could be gotten for which ERP framework was executed. Another enormous test would be spillage of mystery and secret data of clients. This is because of an absence of mindfulness in pertinence with the utilizing propelled innovations which were actualized with a view to building the productivity of the association (Peppard and Ward, 2016). In the limelight of the above-executed analysis, it has concluded that Wesfarmers is a brand name in the region of Western Australia. The business entity has been a diversified range of business operations which includes supermarkets, liquor, convenience stores and hotels; improvement; office supplies; department stores; and an industrials division with businesses in chemicals, energy and fertilizers, industrial and safety products and coal. The above presented is the review of the current organizational structure which has been adopted by the business entity. Moreover, the further report comprises of the acquisition methods which can be adopted by the business corporation for accounting purposes. The further analysis concludes the operational issues and the accounting software packages which are required to be adopted by the business entity for the execution of the accounting and other associated activities References Amrollahi, A., Ghapanchi, A.H. and Najaftorkaman, M., 2014. A Generic Framework for Developing Strategic Information System Plans: Insights from Past Three Decades. InPACIS(p. 332). au.finance.yahoo, 2017, Yahoo finance, Assessed on 30th August 2017, https://au.finance.yahoo.com/quote/WES.AX/analysts?p=WES.AX. Cassidy, A., 2016.A practical guide to information systems strategic planning. CRC press. Galliers, R.D. and Leidner, D.E. eds., 2014.Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Greenblat, E, 2015, Wesfarmers restructure to streamline operations, Assessed on 30th August 2017, https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/wesfarmers-restructure-to-streamline-operations/news-story/415bab7720bb6d61ade215957048d276. Morecroft, J. D. 2015.Strategic modelling and business dynamics: a feedback systems approach. John Wiley Sons. Parveen, M. and Maimani, K., 2014. A Comparative Study between the Different Sectors Using the ERP Software in Jeddah Region-KSA.Life Sci. J,11, pp.40-45. Pearlson, K.E., Saunders, C.S. and Galletta, D.F., 2016.Managing and Using Information Systems, Binder Ready Version: A Strategic Approach. John Wiley Sons. Peppard, J. and Ward, J., 2016.The strategic management of information systems: Building a digital strategy. John Wiley Sons. Peppard, J., Ward, J. 2016.The strategic management of information systems: Building a digital strategy. John Wiley Sons. Rainer, R.K., Cegielski, C.G., Splettstoesser-Hogeterp, I. and Sanchez-Rodriguez, C., 2013.Introduction to information systems. John Wiley Sons. Readyratios, 2017, Conglomerate, Assessed on 30th August 2017, https://www.readyratios.com/reference/accounting/conglomerate.html. Realitysoftware, 2017, Accounting software development, Assessed on 30th August 2017, https://www.realitysoftware.ca/services/software-development/accounting/ Roberts, M. 2016.Strategic Information Systems: Their Contribution to Organizational Performance(Doctoral dissertation, University of Portsmouth). Sarker, S., Xiao, X., Beaulieu, T. 2013. Qualitative studies in information systems: a critical review and some guiding principles.MIS quarterly,37(4), iii-xviii. Willcocks, L. 2013.Information management: the evaluation of information systems investments. Springer.